Books:
Refereed journal articles:
Meng, Z., Hakim, G. J., Yang, W., and G. A. Vecchi, 2025: Deep learning atmospheric models reliably simulate out-of-sample land heat and cold wave frequencies. Geophys. Res. Lett., submitted.
Vonich, P. T., and G. J. Hakim, 2025: Testing the limit of atmospheric predictability with a machine learning weather model (preprint: arxiv.org/abs/2504.20238) (Media: Science News, dynamical.org podcast)
Meng, Z., Hakim, G. J., and E. J. Steig, 2025: Coupled seasonal data assimilation of sea ice, ocean, and atmospheric dynamics over the Last Millennium. J. Climate, submitted.
109. Cooper, V. T., Hakim, G. J., and K. C. Armour, 2025: Monthly sea-surface temperature, sea ice, and sea-level pressure over 1850-2023 from coupled data assimilation. J. Climate, accepted. (preprint)
108. Hua, Z., Hakim, G. J., and A. Anderson-Frey, 2025: Performance of the Pangu-Weather deep learning model in forecasting tornadic environments. Geophysical Research Letters, accepted.
107. Emile-Geay, J., Hakim, G. J., Viens, F., Zhu, F., and D. E Amrhein, 2024: Temporal comparisons involving paleoclimate data assimilation: Challenges and remedies. J. Climate, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-24-0101.1.
106. Li, M., Kump, L., Ridgwell, A., Tierney, J., Hakim, G., Malevich, S., Poulson. C., Tardif. R., Zhang, H., and Zu, J., 2024: Coupled decline in ocean pH and carbonate saturation during the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Nature Geocience., DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01579-y.
105. Meng, Z., and G. J. Hakim, 2024: Reconstructing the tropical Pacific upper ocean using online data assimilation with a deep learning model. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 16, e2024MS004422. DOI: 10.1029/2024MS004422.
104. Vonich, P. T., and G. J. Hakim, 2024: Predictability limit of the 2021 Pacific Northwest heatwave from deep-learning sensitivity analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 51, e2024GL110651. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL110651 (Media: EOS Research Spotlight, NVIDIA AI blog, Meteorological Technology International, Phys.org, Earth.com, Air University) (original draft: arxiv.org/abs/2406.05019)
103. Hakim, G. J., and S. Masanam, 2024: Dynamical tests of a deep-learning weather prediction model. Artificial Intelligence for the Earth Systems, 3, e230090. DOI: AIES-D-23-0090.1 (arXiv original: arxiv.org/abs/2309.10867)
102. Cooper, V. T., Armour, K. C., Hakim, G. J., Tierney, J., Osman, M. B., Proistosescu, C., Dong, Y., Burls, N. J., Andrews, T., Amrhein, D. E., Zhu, J., Dong, W., Ming, Y., and P. Chmielowiec, 2024: Last Glacial Maximum pattern effects reduce climate sensitivity estimates. Science Advances, 10, eadk9461. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk9461
101. Zhu, F.,Emile-Geay, J., Hakim, G. J., Guillot, D., Khider, D., Tardif, R., and Perkins, W. A., 2023: cfr (v2023.9.14): a Python package for climate field reconstruction. EGUsphere, 1--34. DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2023-2098.
100. Yang, W., Wallace, E., Vecchi, G., Donnelly, J., Emile-Geay, J., Hakim, G., Horowitz, L., Sullivan, R., Tardif, R., van Hengstum, P., and Winkler, T., 2024: Last millennium hurricane activity linked to endogenous climate variability. Nat Commun, 816 (2024). DOI:10.1038/s41467-024-45112-6
99. O'Connor, G. K., Holland, P. R., Steig, E. J., Dutrieux, P., and Hakim, G. J., 2023: Characteristics and rarity of the strong 1940s westerly wind event over the Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica,The Cryosphere, 4399--4420. 10.5194/tc-17-4399-2023.
98. Taylor, L., and G. J. Hakim, 2023: Skillful coupled atmosphere-ocean forecasts on interannual to decadal timescales using a Linear Inverse Model. Earth and Space Science., 10, e2022EA002679.
97. Brennan, M. K., G. J. Hakim, and E. Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, 2023: Monthly Arctic sea-ice prediction with a Linear Inverse Model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2022GL101656. DOI: 10.1029/2022GL101656
96. Tierney, J. E., J. Zhu, M. Li, A. Ridgwell, G. J. Hakim, C. J. Poulson, R. Whiteford, J. W. B. Rae, and L. Kump, 2022: Spatial patterns of climate change across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119, e2205326119. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205326119
95. Toride, K., and G. J. Hakim, 2022: What distinguishes MJO events associated with atmospheric rivers? J. Climate, 35, 6135-6149. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0493.1
94. Snyder, C., and G. J. Hakim, 2022: An optimal linear transformation for data assimilation. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 14, e2021MS002937. DOI: 10.1029/2021MS002937
93. Hakim, G. J., C. Snyder, S. G. Penny, and M. Newman, 2022: Subseasonal forecast skill improvement from strongly coupled data assimilation with a linear inverse model. Geophysical Research Letters, 49, e2022GL097996. DOI: 10.1029/2022GL097996
92. Tardif, R., G. J. Hakim, K. A. Bumbaco, M. A. Lazzara, D. E. Mikolajczyk, J. G. Powers, K. W. Manning, 2022: Assessing observation network design predictions for monitoring Antarctic surface temperature. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 148, 727--746. DOI: 10.1002/qj.4226
91. Zhu, F., J. Emile-Geay, K. J. Anchukaitis, G. J. Hakim, A. T. Wittenberg, M. S. Morales, and J. King, 2022: Volcanoes and ENSO: A re-appraisal with the Last Millennium Reanalysis. Nature Geoscience, 13, 747. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28210-1
90. O'Connor, G., E. Steig, and G. J. Hakim, 2021: Strengthening Southern Hemisphere westerlies and Amundsen Sea Low deepening over the 20th century revealed by proxy-data assimilation. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, 24. DOI: 10.1029/2021GL095999
89. Osman, M. B., J. E. Tierney, J. Zhu, R. Tardif, G. J. Hakim, J. King, C. J. Poulsen, 2021: Globally resolved surface temperatures since the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature, 599, 239--244.DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03984-4 (Media: Nature News & Views, UW press release)
88. Brennan, M. K., G. J. Hakim, 2021: Reconstructing Arctic sea ice cover over the Common Era using data assimilation. J. Climate, 35, 1231--1247. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0099.1
87. King, J. M., K. J. Anchukaitis, J. E. Tierney, G. J. Hakim, J. Emile-Geay, F. Zhu, and R. Wilson, 2021: A data assimilation approach to last millennium temperature field reconstruction using a limited high-sensitivity proxy network. J. Climate, 34, 7091--7111. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0661.1
86. Toride, K., and G. J. Hakim, 2021: Influence of low-frequency PNA variability on MJO teleconnections to North American atmospheric river activity. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2021GL094078. DOI: 10.1029/2021GL094078
85. Parsons, L. A., Amrhein, D. E., Sanchez, S. C., Tardif, R., Brennan, M. K., and Hakim, G. J., 2021: Do multi-model ensembles improve reconstruction skill in paleoclimate data assimilation? Earth Space Sci., 8, e2020EA001467. DOI: 10.1029/2020EA001467
84. Perkins, W. A., and G. J. Hakim, 2021: Coupled atmosphere--ocean reconstruction of the last millennium using online data assimilation. Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol., 36,e2020PA003959. DOI: 10.1029/2020PA003959
83. Sanchez, S. C., G. J. Hakim, and C. P. Saenger, 2021: Climate model teleconnection patterns govern the tropical Pacific response to early 19th century volcanism in coral-based data assimilation reconstructions. J. Climate, 34, 1863--1880. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0549.1 (NOAA press release)
82. Amrhein, D. E., G. J. Hakim, and L. A. Parsons, 2020: Quantifying structural uncertainty in paleoclimate data assimilation with an application to the last millennium. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL090485.DOI: 10.1029/2020GL090485
81. Briner, J. P., J. K. Cuzzone, J. A. Badgeley, N. E. Young, E. J. Steig, M. Morlighem, N.-J. Schlegel, G. J. Hakim, J. Schaefer, J. V. Johnson, A. J. Lesnek, E. K. Thomas, E. Allan, O. Bennike, A. A. Cluett, B. Csatho, A. de Vernal, J. Downs, E. Larour, S. Nowicki, 2020: Rate of mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet will exceed Holocene values this century. Nature, 586, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2742-6 (read-only access) (Media: Nature News & Views; Nature podcast; The Guardian; Washington Post; National Geographic; press release).
80. Badgeley, J. A., E. J. Steig, G. J. Hakim, and T. J. Fudge, 2020: Greenland temperature and precipitation over the last 20,000 years using data assimilation. Clim. Past, 16, 1325--1346, DOI: 10.5194/cp-16-1325-2020
79. Tierney, J. E., J. Zhu, J. King, S. B. Malevich, G. J. Hakim, C. J. Poulsen, 2020: Glacial cooling and climate sensitivity revisited. Nature, 584, 569--573, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2617-x (read-only access) (Media: press release)
78. Erb, M. P., J. Emile-Geay, G. J. Hakim, N. Steiger, E. J. Steig, 2020: Atmospheric dynamics drive most interannual U.S. droughts over the last millennium. Science Advances, 6, eaay7268, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay7268 (press release)
77. Zhu, F., J. Emile-Geay, G. J. Hakim, J. King, K. J. Anchukaitis, 2020: Resolving the differences in the simulated and reconstructed climate response to volcanism over the last millennium. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL086908, DOI: 10.1029/2019GL086908
76. Brennan, M. K., G. J. Hakim, and E. Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, 2020: Arctic sea ice variability during the Instrumental Era. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL086843. DOI: 10.1029/2019GL086843
75. Perkins, W. A., and G. J. Hakim, 2020: Linear inverse modeling for coupled atmosphere-ocean ensemble climate prediction. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 12, e2019MS001778, DOI: 10.1029/2019MS001778
74. Hakim, G. J. , K. A. Bumbaco, R. Tardif, and J. G. Powers, 2020: Optimal network design applied to monitoring and forecasting surface temperature in Antarctica. Mon. Wea. Rev., 148, 857-873: 10.1175/MWR-D-19-0103.1
73. Parsons, L. A., and G. J. Hakim, 2019: Local regions associated with interdecadal global temperature variability in the Last Millennium Reanalysis and CMIP5 models.J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, 9905-9917, DOI: 10.1029/2019JD030426
72. Neukom, R., et al., 2019: Consistent multidecadal variability in global temperature reconstructions and simulations over the Common Era. Nature Geoscience, 12, 643-649, DOI: 10.1038/s41561-019-0400-0 (Media: press)
71. Tardif, R., Hakim, G. J., Perkins, W. A., Horlick, K. A., Erb, M. P., Emile-Geay, J., Anderson, D. M., Steig, E. J., and Noone, D., 2019: Last Millennium Reanalysis with an expanded proxy database and seasonal proxy modeling, Clim. Past, 15, 1251-1273, DOI: 10.5194/cp-15-1251-2019
70. Zhu, F., J. Emile-Geay, N. P. McKay, G. J. Hakim, D. Khider, T. R. Ault, E. J. Steig, S. Dee, and J. W. Kirchner, 2019: Climate models can correctly simulate the continuum of global-average temperature variability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116, 8728-8733, DOI:10.1073/pnas.1809959116
69. Anderson, D.M., Tardif, R., Horlick, K., Erb, M.P., Hakim, G.J., Noone, D., Perkins, W.A. and Steig, E., 2019. Additions to the Last Millennium Reanalysis multi-proxy database. Data Science Journal, 18(1), p2., DOI: 10.5334/dsj-2019-002
68. Vonich, P. T. and G. J. Hakim, 2018: Hurricane kinetic energy spectra from in situ aircraft observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 2523--2532, DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-17-0270.1
67. Singh, H. K. A., G. J. Hakim, R. Tardif, J. Emile-Geay, and D. C. Noone, 2018: Insights into Atlantic multidecadal variability using the Last Millennium Reanalysis framework. Clim. Past, 14, 157--174, DOI: 10.5194/cp-14-157-2018
66. Navarro, E. L., G. J. Hakim, and H. E. Willoughby, 2017: Balanced response of an axisymmetric tropical cyclone to periodic diurnal heating. J. Atmos. Sci., 74, 3325--3337, DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-16-0279.1
65. Madaus, L.E. and G.J. Hakim, 2017: Constraining ensemble forecasts of discrete convective initiation with surface observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0395.1
64. Perkins, W. A. and Hakim, G. J., 2017: Reconstructing paleoclimate fields using online data assimilation with a linear inverse model. Clim. Past, 13, 421--436, DOI: 10.5194/cp-13-421-2017.
63. Steiger, N. J., E. J. Steig, S. G. Dee, G. H. Roe, and G. J. Hakim, 2017: Climate reconstruction using data assimilation of water isotope ratios from ice cores. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 122, 10.1002/2016JD026011.
62. Dee, S. G., N. J. Steiger, J. Emile-Geay, and G. J. Hakim, 2016: On the utility of proxy system models for estimating climate states over the common era. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 8, DOI: 10.1002/2016MS000677.
61. Madaus, L. E., and G. J. Hakim, 2016: Observable surface anomalies preceding simulated isolated convective initiation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 144, 2265--2284. DOI: MWR-D-15-0332.1 .
60. Navarro, E.L. and G.J. Hakim, 2016: Idealized numerical modeling of the diurnal cycle of tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 73, DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-15-0349.1.
59. Dixon, K., C. F. Mass, G. J. Hakim, and R. H. Holzworth, 2016: The impact of lightning data assimilation on deterministic and ensemble forecasts of convective events. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 33, 1801--1823; DOI: 10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0188.1
58. Steiger, N. J., and G. J. Hakim, 2016: Multi-time scale data assimilation for atmosphere--ocean state estimates. Clim. Past, 12, 1375-1388. DOI: 10.5194/cp-12-1375-2016
57. Hakim, G. J., J. Emile-Geay, E. J. Steig, D. Noone, D. M. Anderson, R. Tardif, N. J. Steiger, and W. A. Perkins, 2016: The Last Millennium Climate Reanalysis Project: Framework and first results. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, 6745--6764, DOI: 10.1002/2016JD024751 (data and code)
56. Comboul, M., Emile-Geay, J., Hakim, G. J., and M. Evans, 2015: Paleoclimate sampling as a sensor placement problem. J. Climate, 28, 7717--7740, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00802.1
55. Torn, R. D., and G. J. Hakim, 2015: Comparison of wave packets associated with extratropical transition and winter cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 143, 1782--1803. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-14-00006.1
54. Brown, B. R., and G. J. Hakim, 2015: Sensitivity of intensifying Atlantic hurricanes to vortex structure.Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 2538--2551, DOI: 10.1002/qj.2540
53. Tardif, R., G. J. Hakim, and C. Snyder, 2015: Coupled Atmosphere--Ocean data assimilation experiments with a low-order model and CMIP5 model data. Climate Dyn., 45, 1415--1427. (pdf) ;DOI: 10.1007/s00382-014-2390-3
52. Madaus, L. E., and G. J. Hakim, 2015: Rapid, short-term ensemble forecast adjustment through offline data assimilation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 2630--2642, DOI: 10.1002/qj.2549
51. Torn, R. D., J. S. Whitaker, P. Pegion, T. M. Hamill, and G. J. Hakim, 2015: Diagnosis of the source of GFS medium-range track errors in Hurricane Sandy (2012). Mon. Wea. Rev., 143, 132--152, DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-14-00086.1
50. Bumbaco. K. A., G. J. Hakim, G. S. Mauger, N. Hryniw, and E. Steig, 2014: Evaluating the Antarctic observational network with the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS). Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 3847--3859, DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00401.1
49. Madaus, L. E., G. J. Hakim, and C. F. Mass, 2014: Utility of dense pressure observations for improving mesoscale analyses and forecasts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 2398--2413, DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00269.1
48. Navarro, E. L., and G. J. Hakim, 2014: Storm-centered ensemble data assimilation for tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 2309--2320, DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00099.1
47. Steiger. N. J., G. J. Hakim, E. J. Steig, D. S. Battisti, and G. H. Roe, 2014: Assimilation of time-averaged pseudoproxies for climate reconstruction. J. Climate, 27, 426--441. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00693.1
46. Tardif, R., G. J. Hakim, and C. Snyder, 2013: Coupled atmosphere-ocean data assimilation experiments with a low-order climate model. Climate Dyn., 43, 1631--1643. (pdf) DOI: 10.1007/s00382-013-1989-0
45. Cavallo, S. M., and G. J. Hakim, 2013: Physical mechanisms of tropopause polar vortex intensity change. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 3359–3373. (pdf) DOI:10.1175/JAS-D-13-088.1
44. Mauger, G. S., K. A. Bumbaco, G. J. Hakim, and P. W. Mote, 2013: Optimal design of a climatological network: beyond practical considerations. Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. 2, 199-212. (pdf) DOI: 10.5194/gi-2-199-2013
43. Brown, B. R., and G. J. Hakim, 2013: Variability and predictability of a three-dimensional hurricane in statistical equilibrium. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 1806--1820. (pdf) DOI:10.1175/JAS-D-12-0112.1
42. Hakim, G. J., 2013: The variability and predictability of axisymmetric hurricanes in statistical equilibrium. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 993-1005. (pdf) DOI:10.1175/JAS-D-12-0188.1
41. Cavallo, S. M., and G. J. Hakim, 2012:Radiative impact on tropopause polar vortices over the Arctic. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 1683-1702. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00182.1
40. Pendergrass, A. G., G. J. Hakim, D. S. Battisti, and G. Roe, 2012:Coupled air--mixed-layer temperature predictability for climate reconstruction. J. Climate, 25, 459-472. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/2011JCLI4094.1
39. Mahajan, R. B., and G. J. Hakim, 2011: Spatial growth of perturbations in a turbulent baroclinic jet. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2731-2741. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-11-038.1
38. Ancell, B. C., C. F. Mass, and G. J. Hakim, 2011: Evaluation of surface analyses and forecasts with a multi-scale ensemble Kalman filter in regions of complex terrain. Mon. Wea. Rev., 139, 2008-2024. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/2010MWR3612.1
37. Hakim, G. J., 2011: The mean state of axisymmetric hurricanes in statistical equilibrium. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1364--1376. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/2010JAS3644.1
36. Cavallo, S. M., and G. J. Hakim, 2010:The composite structure of tropopause polar cyclones from a mesoscale model . Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 3840--3857. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/2010MWR3371.1
35. Huntley, H. S., and G. J. Hakim, 2010: Assimilation of time-averaged observations in a quasi-geostrophic atmospheric jet model. Climate Dyn., 35, 995--1009. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-009-0714-5
34. Torn, R. D., and G. J. Hakim, 2009: Initial condition sensitivity of western-Pacific extratropical transitions determined using ensemble-based sensitivity analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 3388--3406. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/2009MWR2879.1
33. Cavallo, S. M., and G. J. Hakim, 2009: Potential vorticity diagnosis of a tropopause polar cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 1358--1371. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/2008MWR2670.1
32. Torn, R. D., and G. J. Hakim, 2009: Ensemble Data Assimilation applied to RAINEX
observations of Hurricane Katrina (2005). Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 2817--2829. (pdf)
DOI: 10.1175/2009MWR2656.1
31. Torn, R. D., and G. J. Hakim, 2008: Performance characteristics of a pseudo-operational ensemble Kalman filter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 3947--3963. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/2008MWR2443.1
30. Hakim, G. J., 2008: A probabilistic theory for balance dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2949--2960. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/2007JAS2499.1
29. Torn, R. D., and G. J. Hakim, 2008: Ensemble-based sensitivity analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 663--677. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/2007MWR2132.1
28. Hakim, G. J., and R. D. Torn, 2008: Ensemble Synoptic Analysis. Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology and Weather Analysis and Forecasting: A Tribute to Fred Sanders, American Meteorological Society, 440 pp.(pdf)
27. Ancell, B., and G. J. Hakim, 2007: Interpreting adjoint and ensemble sensitivity toward the development of optimal observation targeting strategies. Met. Zeitschrift, 16, 635--642. (pdf) DOI:10.1127/0941-2948%2F2007%2F0250
26. Ancell, B., and G. J. Hakim, 2007: Comparing adjoint and ensemble sensitivity analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 4117--4134. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/2007MWR1904.1
25. Chen, C.-C., G. J. Hakim, and D. R. Durran, 2007: Transient mountain waves and their interaction with large scales. J. Atmos. Sci , 64, 2378-2400. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/JAS3972.1
24. Dirren, S., R. D. Torn, and G. J. Hakim, 2007: A data assimilation case-study using a limited-area ensemble Kalman filter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 1455--1473. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/MWR3358.1
23. Torn, R. D., G. J. Hakim, and C. Snyder, 2006: Boundary conditions for limited-area ensemble Kalman filters. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 2490--2502. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/MWR3187.1
22. Chen, C.-C., D. R. Durran, and G. J. Hakim, 2005: Mountain wave momentum flux in an evolving synoptic-scale flow. J. Atmos. Sci , 62, 3213--3231. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/JAS3543.1
21. Snyder, C., and G. J. Hakim, 2005: Cyclogenetic perturbations and analysis errors decomposed into singular vectors J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2234--2247. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/JAS3458.1
20. Stevens, M. R., and G. J. Hakim, 2005: Perturbation growth in baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2847--2863. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/JAS3502.1
19. Patoux, J., G. J. Hakim, and R. A. Brown, 2005: Diagnosis of frontal instabilities over the Southern Ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 863--875. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/MRW2883.1
18. Hakim, G. J., 2005: Vertical structure of midlatitude analysis and forecast errors. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 567--578. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/MWR-2882.1
17. Dirren, S., and G. J. Hakim, 2005: Toward the assimilation of time-averaged observations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L04804. (pdf) DOI: 10.1029/2004GL021444
16. Hakim, G. J., and A. Canavan, 2005: Observed cyclone--anticyclone tropopause vortex asymmetries. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 231--240. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/JAS-3353.1
15. Hacker, J., J. Hansen, J. Burner, Y. Chen, G. Eshel, G. Hakim, S. Lazarus, S. Majumdar, R. Morss, A. Poje, V. Sheremet, Y. Tang, and C. Webb, 2005: UCAR/NCAR Junior Faculty Forum on future scientific directions: Predictability. Bulletin AMS 86, 1733--1737.> DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-86-12-1733
14. Hakim, G. J., 2003: Developing wave packets in the North Pacific storm track. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 2824--2837. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2824:DWPITN>2.0.CO;2
13. Hakim, G. J., 2003: Cyclogenesis. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, J. Holton, J. Curry, and J. Pyle, Eds., Academic Press, 589--594.
12. Hakim, G. J., C. Snyder, and D. J. Muraki, 2002: A new surface model for cyclone--anticyclone asymmetry. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2405--2420. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<2405:ANSMFC>2.0.CO;2
11. Hakim, G. J., and D. Keyser, 2001:
Canonical frontal circulation patterns in terms of Green's functions for
the Sawyer--Eliassen equation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc, 127, 1795--1814. (pdf) DOI: 10.1002/qj.49712757517
10. Muraki, D. J., and G. J.
Hakim, 2001: Balanced asymmetries of waves on the tropopause.
J.Atmos. Sci., 58, 237--252. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<0237:BAOWOT>2.0.CO;2
9. Hakim,
G. J., 2000: Role of nonmodal growth and nonlinearity in cyclogenesis
initial-value problems.
J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2951--2967.
(pdf) DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<2951:RONGAN>2.0.CO;2
8. Hakim,
G. J., 2000: Climatology of coherent structures on the extratropical
tropopause. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, in 385--406.
(pdf) DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0385:COCSOT>2.0.CO;2
7. Dickinson,
M. L., L. F. Bosart, W. E. Bracken, G. J. Hakim, D. M. Schultz, M. A. Bedrick,
and K. R. Tyle, 1997: The March 1993 Superstorm cyclogenesis: Incipient
phase synoptic- and convective-scale flow interaction and model performance.
Mon.
Wea. Rev., 125, 3041--3072.
(pdf) DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<3041:TMSCIP>2.0.CO;2
6. Schultz,
D. M., W. E. Bracken, L. F. Bosart, G. J. Hakim, M. A. Bedrick, M. J. Dickinson,
and K. R. Tyle, 1997: The 1993 Superstorm cold surge: Frontal structure,
gap flow, and tropical impact. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 5-39.
(pdf) DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<0005:TSCSFS>2.0.CO;2
5. Hakim,
G. J., D. Keyser, and L. F. Bosart, 1996: The Ohio Valley wave-merger
cyclogenesis event of 25-26 January 1978. Part II: Diagnosis Using Quasigeostrophic
Potential Vorticity Inversion. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 2176--2205.
(pdf) DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<2176:TOVWMC>2.0.CO;2
4. Bosart,
L. F., G. J. Hakim, K. R. Tyle, M. A. Bedrick, W. E. Bracken, M. J. Dickinson,
and D. M. Schultz, 1996: Large-scale antecedent conditions associated
with the 12-14 March 1993 cyclone (``Superstorm '93'') over eastern North
America. Mon. Wea. Rev.,124, 1865--1891.
(pdf) DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<1865:LSACAW>2.0.CO;2
3. Hakim,
G. J., L. F. Bosart, and D. Keyser, 1995: The Ohio Valley wave-merger
cyclogenesis event of 25-26 January 1978. Part I: Multiscale case study.
Mon.
Wea. Rev., 123, 2663-2692.
(pdf) DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123<2663:TOVWMC>2.0.CO;2
2. Hakim,
G. J., and L. W. Uccellini, 1992: Diagnosing coupled jet-streak circulations
for a Northern Plains snow band from the operational nested-grid model.
Wea.
Forecasting, 7, 26-48.
(pdf) DOI: 10.1175/1520-0434(1992)007<0026:DCJSCF>2.0.CO;2
1. Hakim,
G. J., 1992: The eastern United States side-door cold front of 22 April
1987: A case study of an intense atmospheric density current. Mon. Wea.
Rev., 120, 2738-2762.
(pdf) DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<2738:TEUSSD>2.0.CO;2