Books:
Refereed journal articles:
Stiller, D. and Hakim, G.J., 2025. Top-of-atmosphere radiation fields over the last millennium reconstructed from proxies. J. Climate, submitted. (preprint: arXiv:2510.09896).
Meng, Z., Hakim, G. J., Yang, W., and G. A. Vecchi, 2025: Deep learning atmospheric models reliably simulate out-of-sample land heat and cold wave frequencies. Geophys. Res. Lett., submitted.
Vonich, P. T., and G. J. Hakim, 2025: Testing the limit of atmospheric predictability with a machine learning weather model (preprint: arxiv.org/abs/2504.20238) (Media: Science News, dynamical.org podcast)
112. Cooper, V.T., Armour, K.C., Hakim, G., Tierney, J., Burls, N.J., Proistosescu, C., Andrews, T., Dong, W., Dvorak, M.T., Feng, R. and Osman, M.B., 2025. Paleoclimate pattern effects help constrain climate sensitivity and 21st-century warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, accepted. (preprint: eartharxiv)
111. Mei, E. J., Hakim, G. J., Taniguchi-King, M., Stiller, D., and Turner, A. J., 2025: Emulating chemistry-climate dynamics with a linear inverse model. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 15033-15045. DOI: 10.5194/acp-25-15033-2025.
110. Meng, Z., Hakim, G. J., and E. J. Steig, 2025: Coupled seasonal data assimilation of sea ice, ocean, and atmospheric dynamics over the Last Millennium. J. Climate, in press. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-25-0048.1
109. Cooper, V. T., Hakim, G. J., and K. C. Armour, 2025: Monthly sea-surface temperature, sea ice, and sea-level pressure over 1850-2023 from coupled data assimilation. J. Climate, 38, 5461--5490. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-25-0021.1
108. Hua, Z., Hakim, G. J., & Anderson-Frey, A., 2025: Performance of the Pangu-Weather deep learning model in forecasting tornadic environments. Geophysical Research Letters, 52, e2024GL109611. DOI: 10.1029/2024GL109611
107. Emile-Geay, J., Hakim, G. J., Viens, F., Zhu, F., and D. E Amrhein, 2024: Temporal comparisons involving paleoclimate data assimilation: Challenges and remedies. J. Climate, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-24-0101.1.
106. Li, M., Kump, L., Ridgwell, A., Tierney, J., Hakim, G., Malevich, S., Poulson. C., Tardif. R., Zhang, H., and Zu, J., 2024: Coupled decline in ocean pH and carbonate saturation during the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Nature Geocience., DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01579-y.
105. Meng, Z., and G. J. Hakim, 2024: Reconstructing the tropical Pacific upper ocean using online data assimilation with a deep learning model. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 16, e2024MS004422. DOI: 10.1029/2024MS004422.
104. Vonich, P. T., and G. J. Hakim, 2024: Predictability limit of the 2021 Pacific Northwest heatwave from deep-learning sensitivity analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 51, e2024GL110651. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL110651 (Media: EOS Research Spotlight, NVIDIA AI blog, Meteorological Technology International, Phys.org, Earth.com, Air University) (original draft: arxiv.org/abs/2406.05019)
103. Hakim, G. J., and S. Masanam, 2024: Dynamical tests of a deep-learning weather prediction model. Artificial Intelligence for the Earth Systems, 3, e230090. DOI: AIES-D-23-0090.1 (arXiv original: arxiv.org/abs/2309.10867)
102. Cooper, V. T., Armour, K. C., Hakim, G. J., Tierney, J., Osman, M. B., Proistosescu, C., Dong, Y., Burls, N. J., Andrews, T., Amrhein, D. E., Zhu, J., Dong, W., Ming, Y., and P. Chmielowiec, 2024: Last Glacial Maximum pattern effects reduce climate sensitivity estimates. Science Advances, 10, eadk9461. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk9461
101. Zhu, F.,Emile-Geay, J., Hakim, G. J., Guillot, D., Khider, D., Tardif, R., and Perkins, W. A., 2023: cfr (v2023.9.14): a Python package for climate field reconstruction. EGUsphere, 1--34. DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2023-2098.
100. Yang, W., Wallace, E., Vecchi, G., Donnelly, J., Emile-Geay, J., Hakim, G., Horowitz, L., Sullivan, R., Tardif, R., van Hengstum, P., and Winkler, T., 2024: Last millennium hurricane activity linked to endogenous climate variability. Nat Commun, 816 (2024). DOI:10.1038/s41467-024-45112-6
99. O'Connor, G. K., Holland, P. R., Steig, E. J., Dutrieux, P., and Hakim, G. J., 2023: Characteristics and rarity of the strong 1940s westerly wind event over the Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica,The Cryosphere, 4399--4420. 10.5194/tc-17-4399-2023.
98. Taylor, L., and G. J. Hakim, 2023: Skillful coupled atmosphere-ocean forecasts on interannual to decadal timescales using a Linear Inverse Model. Earth and Space Science., 10, e2022EA002679.
97. Brennan, M. K., G. J. Hakim, and E. Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, 2023: Monthly Arctic sea-ice prediction with a Linear Inverse Model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2022GL101656. DOI: 10.1029/2022GL101656
96. Tierney, J. E., J. Zhu, M. Li, A. Ridgwell, G. J. Hakim, C. J. Poulson, R. Whiteford, J. W. B. Rae, and L. Kump, 2022: Spatial patterns of climate change across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119, e2205326119. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205326119
95. Toride, K., and G. J. Hakim, 2022: What distinguishes MJO events associated with atmospheric rivers? J. Climate, 35, 6135-6149. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0493.1
94. Snyder, C., and G. J. Hakim, 2022: An optimal linear transformation for data assimilation. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 14, e2021MS002937. DOI: 10.1029/2021MS002937
93. Hakim, G. J., C. Snyder, S. G. Penny, and M. Newman, 2022: Subseasonal forecast skill improvement from strongly coupled data assimilation with a linear inverse model. Geophysical Research Letters, 49, e2022GL097996. DOI: 10.1029/2022GL097996
92. Tardif, R., G. J. Hakim, K. A. Bumbaco, M. A. Lazzara, D. E. Mikolajczyk, J. G. Powers, K. W. Manning, 2022: Assessing observation network design predictions for monitoring Antarctic surface temperature. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 148, 727--746. DOI: 10.1002/qj.4226
91. Zhu, F., J. Emile-Geay, K. J. Anchukaitis, G. J. Hakim, A. T. Wittenberg, M. S. Morales, and J. King, 2022: Volcanoes and ENSO: A re-appraisal with the Last Millennium Reanalysis. Nature Geoscience, 13, 747. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28210-1
90. O'Connor, G., E. Steig, and G. J. Hakim, 2021: Strengthening Southern Hemisphere westerlies and Amundsen Sea Low deepening over the 20th century revealed by proxy-data assimilation. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, 24. DOI: 10.1029/2021GL095999
89. Osman, M. B., J. E. Tierney, J. Zhu, R. Tardif, G. J. Hakim, J. King, C. J. Poulsen, 2021: Globally resolved surface temperatures since the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature, 599, 239--244.DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03984-4 (Media: Nature News & Views, UW press release)
88. Brennan, M. K., G. J. Hakim, 2021: Reconstructing Arctic sea ice cover over the Common Era using data assimilation. J. Climate, 35, 1231--1247. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0099.1
87. King, J. M., K. J. Anchukaitis, J. E. Tierney, G. J. Hakim, J. Emile-Geay, F. Zhu, and R. Wilson, 2021: A data assimilation approach to last millennium temperature field reconstruction using a limited high-sensitivity proxy network. J. Climate, 34, 7091--7111. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0661.1
86. Toride, K., and G. J. Hakim, 2021: Influence of low-frequency PNA variability on MJO teleconnections to North American atmospheric river activity. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2021GL094078. DOI: 10.1029/2021GL094078
85. Parsons, L. A., Amrhein, D. E., Sanchez, S. C., Tardif, R., Brennan, M. K., and Hakim, G. J., 2021: Do multi-model ensembles improve reconstruction skill in paleoclimate data assimilation? Earth Space Sci., 8, e2020EA001467. DOI: 10.1029/2020EA001467
84. Perkins, W. A., and G. J. Hakim, 2021: Coupled atmosphere--ocean reconstruction of the last millennium using online data assimilation. Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol., 36,e2020PA003959. DOI: 10.1029/2020PA003959
83. Sanchez, S. C., G. J. Hakim, and C. P. Saenger, 2021: Climate model teleconnection patterns govern the tropical Pacific response to early 19th century volcanism in coral-based data assimilation reconstructions. J. Climate, 34, 1863--1880. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0549.1 (NOAA press release)
82. Amrhein, D. E., G. J. Hakim, and L. A. Parsons, 2020: Quantifying structural uncertainty in paleoclimate data assimilation with an application to the last millennium. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL090485.DOI: 10.1029/2020GL090485
81. Briner, J. P., J. K. Cuzzone, J. A. Badgeley, N. E. Young, E. J. Steig, M. Morlighem, N.-J. Schlegel, G. J. Hakim, J. Schaefer, J. V. Johnson, A. J. Lesnek, E. K. Thomas, E. Allan, O. Bennike, A. A. Cluett, B. Csatho, A. de Vernal, J. Downs, E. Larour, S. Nowicki, 2020: Rate of mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet will exceed Holocene values this century. Nature, 586, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2742-6 (read-only access) (Media: Nature News & Views; Nature podcast; The Guardian; Washington Post; National Geographic; press release).
80. Badgeley, J. A., E. J. Steig, G. J. Hakim, and T. J. Fudge, 2020: Greenland temperature and precipitation over the last 20,000 years using data assimilation. Clim. Past, 16, 1325--1346, DOI: 10.5194/cp-16-1325-2020
79. Tierney, J. E., J. Zhu, J. King, S. B. Malevich, G. J. Hakim, C. J. Poulsen, 2020: Glacial cooling and climate sensitivity revisited. Nature, 584, 569--573, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2617-x (read-only access) (Media: press release)
78. Erb, M. P., J. Emile-Geay, G. J. Hakim, N. Steiger, E. J. Steig, 2020: Atmospheric dynamics drive most interannual U.S. droughts over the last millennium. Science Advances, 6, eaay7268, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay7268 (press release)
77. Zhu, F., J. Emile-Geay, G. J. Hakim, J. King, K. J. Anchukaitis, 2020: Resolving the differences in the simulated and reconstructed climate response to volcanism over the last millennium. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL086908, DOI: 10.1029/2019GL086908
76. Brennan, M. K., G. J. Hakim, and E. Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, 2020: Arctic sea ice variability during the Instrumental Era. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL086843. DOI: 10.1029/2019GL086843
75. Perkins, W. A., and G. J. Hakim, 2020: Linear inverse modeling for coupled atmosphere-ocean ensemble climate prediction. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 12, e2019MS001778, DOI: 10.1029/2019MS001778
74. Hakim, G. J. , K. A. Bumbaco, R. Tardif, and J. G. Powers, 2020: Optimal network design applied to monitoring and forecasting surface temperature in Antarctica. Mon. Wea. Rev., 148, 857-873: 10.1175/MWR-D-19-0103.1
73. Parsons, L. A., and G. J. Hakim, 2019: Local regions associated with interdecadal global temperature variability in the Last Millennium Reanalysis and CMIP5 models.J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, 9905-9917, DOI: 10.1029/2019JD030426
72. Neukom, R., et al., 2019: Consistent multidecadal variability in global temperature reconstructions and simulations over the Common Era. Nature Geoscience, 12, 643-649, DOI: 10.1038/s41561-019-0400-0 (Media: press)
71. Tardif, R., Hakim, G. J., Perkins, W. A., Horlick, K. A., Erb, M. P., Emile-Geay, J., Anderson, D. M., Steig, E. J., and Noone, D., 2019: Last Millennium Reanalysis with an expanded proxy database and seasonal proxy modeling, Clim. Past, 15, 1251-1273, DOI: 10.5194/cp-15-1251-2019
70. Zhu, F., J. Emile-Geay, N. P. McKay, G. J. Hakim, D. Khider, T. R. Ault, E. J. Steig, S. Dee, and J. W. Kirchner, 2019: Climate models can correctly simulate the continuum of global-average temperature variability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116, 8728-8733, DOI:10.1073/pnas.1809959116
69. Anderson, D.M., Tardif, R., Horlick, K., Erb, M.P., Hakim, G.J., Noone, D., Perkins, W.A. and Steig, E., 2019. Additions to the Last Millennium Reanalysis multi-proxy database. Data Science Journal, 18(1), p2., DOI: 10.5334/dsj-2019-002
68. Vonich, P. T. and G. J. Hakim, 2018: Hurricane kinetic energy spectra from in situ aircraft observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 2523--2532, DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-17-0270.1
67. Singh, H. K. A., G. J. Hakim, R. Tardif, J. Emile-Geay, and D. C. Noone, 2018: Insights into Atlantic multidecadal variability using the Last Millennium Reanalysis framework. Clim. Past, 14, 157--174, DOI: 10.5194/cp-14-157-2018
66. Navarro, E. L., G. J. Hakim, and H. E. Willoughby, 2017: Balanced response of an axisymmetric tropical cyclone to periodic diurnal heating. J. Atmos. Sci., 74, 3325--3337, DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-16-0279.1
65. Madaus, L.E. and G.J. Hakim, 2017: Constraining ensemble forecasts of discrete convective initiation with surface observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0395.1
64. Perkins, W. A. and Hakim, G. J., 2017: Reconstructing paleoclimate fields using online data assimilation with a linear inverse model. Clim. Past, 13, 421--436, DOI: 10.5194/cp-13-421-2017.
63. Steiger, N. J., E. J. Steig, S. G. Dee, G. H. Roe, and G. J. Hakim, 2017: Climate reconstruction using data assimilation of water isotope ratios from ice cores. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 122, 10.1002/2016JD026011.
62. Dee, S. G., N. J. Steiger, J. Emile-Geay, and G. J. Hakim, 2016: On the utility of proxy system models for estimating climate states over the common era. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 8, DOI: 10.1002/2016MS000677.
61. Madaus, L. E., and G. J. Hakim, 2016: Observable surface anomalies preceding simulated isolated convective initiation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 144, 2265--2284. DOI: MWR-D-15-0332.1 .
60. Navarro, E.L. and G.J. Hakim, 2016: Idealized numerical modeling of the diurnal cycle of tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 73, DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-15-0349.1.
59. Dixon, K., C. F. Mass, G. J. Hakim, and R. H. Holzworth, 2016: The impact of lightning data assimilation on deterministic and ensemble forecasts of convective events. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 33, 1801--1823; DOI: 10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0188.1
58. Steiger, N. J., and G. J. Hakim, 2016: Multi-time scale data assimilation for atmosphere--ocean state estimates. Clim. Past, 12, 1375-1388. DOI: 10.5194/cp-12-1375-2016
57. Hakim, G. J., J. Emile-Geay, E. J. Steig, D. Noone, D. M. Anderson, R. Tardif, N. J. Steiger, and W. A. Perkins, 2016: The Last Millennium Climate Reanalysis Project: Framework and first results. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, 6745--6764, DOI: 10.1002/2016JD024751 (data and code)
51. Torn, R. D., J. S. Whitaker, P. Pegion, T. M. Hamill, and G. J. Hakim, 2015: Diagnosis of the source of GFS medium-range track errors in Hurricane Sandy (2012). Mon. Wea. Rev., 143, 132--152, DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-14-00086.1
50. Bumbaco. K. A., G. J. Hakim, G. S. Mauger, N. Hryniw, and E. Steig, 2014: Evaluating the Antarctic observational network with the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS). Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 3847--3859, DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00401.1
49. Madaus, L. E., G. J. Hakim, and C. F. Mass, 2014: Utility of dense pressure observations for improving mesoscale analyses and forecasts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 2398--2413, DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00269.1
48. Navarro, E. L., and G. J. Hakim, 2014: Storm-centered ensemble data assimilation for tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 2309--2320, DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00099.1
47. Steiger. N. J., G. J. Hakim, E. J. Steig, D. S. Battisti, and G. H. Roe, 2014: Assimilation of time-averaged pseudoproxies for climate reconstruction. J. Climate, 27, 426--441. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00693.1
38. Ancell, B. C., C. F. Mass, and G. J. Hakim, 2011: Evaluation of surface analyses and forecasts with a multi-scale ensemble Kalman filter in regions of complex terrain. Mon. Wea. Rev., 139, 2008-2024. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/2010MWR3612.1
37. Hakim, G. J., 2011: The mean state of axisymmetric hurricanes in statistical equilibrium. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1364--1376. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/2010JAS3644.1
2. Hakim,
G. J., and L. W. Uccellini, 1992: Diagnosing coupled jet-streak circulations
for a Northern Plains snow band from the operational nested-grid model.
Wea.
Forecasting, 7, 26-48.
(pdf) DOI: 10.1175/1520-0434(1992)007<0026:DCJSCF>2.0.CO;2
1. Hakim,
G. J., 1992: The eastern United States side-door cold front of 22 April
1987: A case study of an intense atmospheric density current. Mon. Wea.
Rev., 120, 2738-2762.
(pdf) DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<2738:TEUSSD>2.0.CO;2
56. Comboul, M., Emile-Geay, J., Hakim, G. J., and M. Evans, 2015: Paleoclimate sampling as a sensor placement problem. J. Climate, 28, 7717--7740, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00802.1
55. Torn, R. D., and G. J. Hakim, 2015: Comparison of wave packets associated with extratropical transition and winter cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 143, 1782--1803. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-14-00006.1
54. Brown, B. R., and G. J. Hakim, 2015: Sensitivity of intensifying Atlantic hurricanes to vortex structure.Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 2538--2551, DOI: 10.1002/qj.2540
53. Tardif, R., G. J. Hakim, and C. Snyder, 2015: Coupled Atmosphere--Ocean data assimilation experiments with a low-order model and CMIP5 model data. Climate Dyn., 45, 1415--1427. (pdf) ;DOI: 10.1007/s00382-014-2390-3
52. Madaus, L. E., and G. J. Hakim, 2015: Rapid, short-term ensemble forecast adjustment through offline data assimilation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 2630--2642, DOI: 10.1002/qj.2549
46. Tardif, R., G. J. Hakim, and C. Snyder, 2013: Coupled atmosphere-ocean data assimilation experiments with a low-order climate model. Climate Dyn., 43, 1631--1643. (pdf) DOI: 10.1007/s00382-013-1989-0
45. Cavallo, S. M., and G. J. Hakim, 2013: Physical mechanisms of tropopause polar vortex intensity change. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 3359–3373. (pdf) DOI:10.1175/JAS-D-13-088.1
44. Mauger, G. S., K. A. Bumbaco, G. J. Hakim, and P. W. Mote, 2013: Optimal design of a climatological network: beyond practical considerations. Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. 2, 199-212. (pdf) DOI: 10.5194/gi-2-199-2013
43. Brown, B. R., and G. J. Hakim, 2013: Variability and predictability of a three-dimensional hurricane in statistical equilibrium. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 1806--1820. (pdf) DOI:10.1175/JAS-D-12-0112.1
42. Hakim, G. J., 2013: The variability and predictability of axisymmetric hurricanes in statistical equilibrium. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 993-1005. (pdf) DOI:10.1175/JAS-D-12-0188.1
41. Cavallo, S. M., and G. J. Hakim, 2012:Radiative impact on tropopause polar vortices over the Arctic. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 1683-1702. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00182.1
40. Pendergrass, A. G., G. J. Hakim, D. S. Battisti, and G. Roe, 2012:Coupled air--mixed-layer temperature predictability for climate reconstruction. J. Climate, 25, 459-472. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/2011JCLI4094.1
39. Mahajan, R. B., and G. J. Hakim, 2011: Spatial growth of perturbations in a turbulent baroclinic jet. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2731-2741. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-11-038.1
36. Cavallo, S. M., and G. J. Hakim, 2010:The composite structure of tropopause polar cyclones from a mesoscale model . Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 3840--3857. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/2010MWR3371.1
35. Huntley, H. S., and G. J. Hakim, 2010: Assimilation of time-averaged observations in a quasi-geostrophic atmospheric jet model. Climate Dyn., 35, 995--1009. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-009-0714-5
34. Torn, R. D., and G. J. Hakim, 2009: Initial condition sensitivity of western-Pacific extratropical transitions determined using ensemble-based sensitivity analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 3388--3406. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/2009MWR2879.1
33. Cavallo, S. M., and G. J. Hakim, 2009: Potential vorticity diagnosis of a tropopause polar cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 1358--1371. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/2008MWR2670.1
32. Torn, R. D., and G. J. Hakim, 2009: Ensemble Data Assimilation applied to RAINEX
observations of Hurricane Katrina (2005). Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 2817--2829. (pdf)
DOI: 10.1175/2009MWR2656.1
31. Torn, R. D., and G. J. Hakim, 2008: Performance characteristics of a pseudo-operational ensemble Kalman filter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 3947--3963. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/2008MWR2443.1
30. Hakim, G. J., 2008: A probabilistic theory for balance dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2949--2960. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/2007JAS2499.1
29. Torn, R. D., and G. J. Hakim, 2008: Ensemble-based sensitivity analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 663--677. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/2007MWR2132.1
28. Hakim, G. J., and R. D. Torn, 2008: Ensemble Synoptic Analysis. Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology and Weather Analysis and Forecasting: A Tribute to Fred Sanders, American Meteorological Society, 440 pp.(pdf)
27. Ancell, B., and G. J. Hakim, 2007: Interpreting adjoint and ensemble sensitivity toward the development of optimal observation targeting strategies. Met. Zeitschrift, 16, 635--642. (pdf) DOI:10.1127/0941-2948%2F2007%2F0250
26. Ancell, B., and G. J. Hakim, 2007: Comparing adjoint and ensemble sensitivity analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 4117--4134. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/2007MWR1904.1
25. Chen, C.-C., G. J. Hakim, and D. R. Durran, 2007: Transient mountain waves and their interaction with large scales. J. Atmos. Sci , 64, 2378-2400. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/JAS3972.1
24. Dirren, S., R. D. Torn, and G. J. Hakim, 2007: A data assimilation case-study using a limited-area ensemble Kalman filter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 1455--1473. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/MWR3358.1
23. Torn, R. D., G. J. Hakim, and C. Snyder, 2006: Boundary conditions for limited-area ensemble Kalman filters. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 2490--2502. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/MWR3187.1
22. Chen, C.-C., D. R. Durran, and G. J. Hakim, 2005: Mountain wave momentum flux in an evolving synoptic-scale flow. J. Atmos. Sci , 62, 3213--3231. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/JAS3543.1
21. Snyder, C., and G. J. Hakim, 2005: Cyclogenetic perturbations and analysis errors decomposed into singular vectors J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2234--2247. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/JAS3458.1
20. Stevens, M. R., and G. J. Hakim, 2005: Perturbation growth in baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2847--2863. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/JAS3502.1
19. Patoux, J., G. J. Hakim, and R. A. Brown, 2005: Diagnosis of frontal instabilities over the Southern Ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 863--875. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/MRW2883.1
18. Hakim, G. J., 2005: Vertical structure of midlatitude analysis and forecast errors. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 567--578. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/MWR-2882.1
17. Dirren, S., and G. J. Hakim, 2005: Toward the assimilation of time-averaged observations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L04804. (pdf) DOI: 10.1029/2004GL021444
16. Hakim, G. J., and A. Canavan, 2005: Observed cyclone--anticyclone tropopause vortex asymmetries. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 231--240. (pdf) DOI: 10.1175/JAS-3353.1
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