VERSION: 5.2

                        UNIX News for MATLAB
                        --------------------

Notation: $MATLAB is the MATLAB root directory path
--------

File: README.news52
----

0. Table of Contents
   -----------------

   1. Online documentation changes

      1.1 Support now for a limited amount of Japanese Help
      1.2 Current English Help components
      1.3 matlabdoc/doc home page now has UNIX News files
          broken out by MATLAB version

   2. MATLAB development tools

      2.1 Overview
      2.2 Platform support
      2.3 Online documentation
      2.4 System architecture
      2.5 How to disable startup of the tools

   3. OpenGL support

      3.1 Overview
      3.2 Platform support
      3.3 Online documentation
      3.4 System architecture
      3.5 How to use Mesa provided libraries by default
      3.6 Rendering across the network

   4. Configuring MATLAB's Web Browser settings

   5. Separate 'instrumented' version of MATLAB with 'asserts'
      also part of the distribution

   6. Miscellaneous

      6.1 UNIX install manual corrected in PostScript
          version only
      6.2 Use mex -setup to initialize your mex environment

   Appendix: UNIX Setup
   --------


1. Online documentation changes
   ----------------------------

   1.1 Support now for a limited amount of Japanese Help
       -------------------------------------------------

       There is now a separate Help Desk for Japanese documentation
       and a few online documentation components.

       For the CD-ROM installation you must select Japanese Help
       to get the Japanese Help Desk. It is not selected by default.
       Note that if you use the text CD-ROM installer (install -t) you
       must individually select the Japanese Help components. For the
       X-Window CD-ROM installer simply selecting Japanese Help in
       the Installation Options Screen will automatically select the
       help components for all licensed products that have
       associated documentation.
       
       If the Japanese Help desk is installed it can be reached
       in two ways. 

       1. By executing the command

              matlabdoc

          at the UNIX prompt and selecting it from the home HTML page.
       
       2. By executing at the MATLAB prompt either

              >> helpdesk

          if you have changed your documentation options as
          discussed below or

              >> web([matlabroot '/jhelp/helpdesk.html'])

          if you are using the factory settings.

          To change your documentation options to use the Japanese
          Help Desk as the default first look at the output of

              >> help docopt

          and when you change the docopt.m file use the
          following for the docpath variable under the UNIX section,

              docpath = [matlabroot '/jhelp'];

          If you change docopt to use the Japanese Help Desk as the
          default and you still want to look at the English Help Desk
          then execute

              >> web([matlabroot '/help/helpdesk.html'])

          This means that if you install both English and Japanese
          Help Desks there is no concise way yet at the MATLAB command
          prompt to bring up either Help Desk.

       Japanese help is available only for the following products.
       
              Product            HTML    PDF
              -------            ----    ---
       MATLAB                     x      
       Simulink                   x     

       Note that there is no PDF documentation provided because
       Adobe Systems, Inc. does not currently provide a reader for
       Japanese PDF. A Japanese PDF reader is available, for example,
       with the Windows version of MATLAB.

   1.2 Current English Help components
       --------------------------------

       The English HTML and PDF documents available with this release by
       product are as follows.
       
              Product            HTML    PDF
              -------            ----    ---
       MATLAB                     x       x
       Simulink                   x       x
       Control Toolbox            x       x
       Identification Toolbox     x*      x*
       Robust Control Toolbox     x*      x*
       Optimization Toolbox               x
       Spline Toolbox             x*      x*
       Signal Toolbox             x       x
       Mapping Toolbox            x*      x               
       Neural Network Toolbox     x*      x*
       Real-Time Workshop         x*      x
       Symbolic Toolbox           x       x
       Image Processing Toolbox   x*      x
       NCD Toolbox                        x
       Statistics Toolbox         x*      x
       Hi Spec Toolbox                    x*
       Freq Domain Toolbox        x*      x*
       Fuzzy Logic Toolbox                x
       DSP Blockset               x       x
       Fixed-Point Blockset               x
       MATLAB Compiler            x*      x*
       Financial Toolbox                  x*
       PDE Toolbox                x*      x*
       Math Library               x*      x*
       Wavelet Toolbox            x*      x
       Communication Toolbox              x
       C++ Math Library           x*      x*
       Stateflow                  x       x
       Power System Blockset      x*      x*

       * online help files available for the first time

       NOTE: The English Help Desk is selected by default for all
             CD-ROM installations. It is required if any HTML or PDF
             documents are installed. Deselect it only if you are
             installing additional product after an initial installation
             that includes MATLAB.

             For the FTP installation, the English Help Desk is located
             in the file, helpdesk.help, in the help directory.

       For the CD-ROM installation if you are licensed for a product
       all documentation is selected. Therefore you must deselect
       any help item that you do not want installed.

       For the FTP installation just download the help files you want.
       Most of the time the HTML and PDF files are combined together
       in one file by product. Occasionally, a product's help is
       divided into logical pieces to keep the size of the files
       reasonable.


   1.3 matlabdoc/doc home page now has UNIX News files broken out
       ----------------------------------------------------------
       by MATLAB version
       -----------------

       There is now a separate UNIX News file for each major
       version of MATLAB. Information in later versions is either
       new or supersedes that in an earlier version, so you should
       review all files if you are installing for the first time.


2. MATLAB development tools
   ------------------------

   2.1 Overview
       --------

       There is now support on four platforms (sun4 sol2 hp700 sgi)
       for visual tools to help with the development of MATLAB
       programs. These are the:

       . Editor/Debugger 
       . Workspace Browser
       . Path Browser
       . Array Editor

       Support on startup of MATLAB for these programs is a factory setting.
       If you want to disable support on startup see section 2.5.

       Examples of MATLAB commands to initiate these commands.

       2.1.1 Editor/Debugger 
             ---------------

             Enter at the MATLAB prompt:

                 edit('docopt')

             to edit docopt.m found first on the path.

       2.1.2 Workspace Browser
             -----------------

             Enter at the MATLAB prompt:

                 workspace

       2.1.3 Path Browser
             ------------

             Enter at the MATLAB prompt:

                 pathtool

       2.1.4 Array Editor
             ------------
             
             Enter at the MATLAB prompt:

                 openvar('var')

             where var is a numeric array.

   2.2 Platform support
       ----------------

       The following platforms are supported:

           Sun Sparc        SunOS   (sun4)
           Sun Sparc        Solaris (sol2)
           HP 9000 PA-RISC  HP-UX   (hp700)
           Silicon Graphics IRIX    (sgi)

       Note: Support assumes the same operating system versions as
             MATLAB 5.2.

   2.3 Online documentation
       --------------------

       For basic usage use the 'help' command, i.e.

           help edit
           help workspace
           help pathtool
           help openvar

       Only the edit command has equivalent HTML documentation.

       Additional HTML documentation can be found under the
       'MATLAB Environment' hypertext link off the English Help Desk
       home page. Note that when you later click on the hypertext
       link 'MATLAB PC/UNIX environment' a PC Command Window is
       discussed. On UNIX there is NO new Command Window. However,
       the hypertext links for the 'Editor/Debugger',
       'Workspace Browser', and 'Path Browser' are relevant.

       For PDF documentation see the chapter, 'MATLAB Working Environment'
       (Chapter 2) of the Online Manual 'Using MATLAB'. In particular
       see the section, 'UNIX Handbook'.

   2.4 System architecture
       -------------------

       Each MATLAB session will be using:

          1 - (matlab)          MATLAB process
          1 - (Medit)           tool process
          1 - (windu_registry*) daemon for managing interaction between
                                Medit and the registry
              *  = d41 (sol2 and hp700)
              *  = d40 (sun4 and sgi)
          1 - (windu_client*)   daemon for managing Medit color resources 
              *  = d41 (sol2 and hp700)
              *  = d40 (sun4 and sgi) 
              
        Notes:
        1. Each matlab process on a given host will have a separate Medit
           process.
        2. All MATLAB processes on a given host for a given user will share
           one windu_registry* process.  On sol2 and hp700 the process
           will shut itself down after a while, but only after all
           MATLAB sessions exit on that host.  On sun4 and sgi it will
           not shut down without manual intervention.
        3. All MATLAB processes on all hosts for a given user will share
           one windu_client process. This process is started during
           your very first MATLAB session and it should never have to be
           restarted again by a later MATLAB session unless the X-server
           where it was running was brought down or restarted.
        4. The registry for a given user is stored in their $HOME/.windu
           directory.  There are some issues with the use of the registry.
           For HTML documentation about these issues follow the hypertext
           links below starting with the English Help Desk home page:

               |-> 'Late-Breaking News for 5.2 Product Family'
                    |-> 'Editor Options Stored in Registry File'

       For example, on a sol2 machine the output from the UNIX 'ps'
       command for one execution of matlab on the machine might show:
           
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 release 20410     1  0   Jan 23 ?      0:06 windu_registryd41 ...
 release 22207   812  0 12:02:47 pts/7  0:10 /usr/local/bin/sol2/matlab ...
 release 22242 22207  0 12:02:55 ?      0:06 /usr/local/bin/sol2/Medit ...
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

       Note that in this case the windu_client* daemon is executing on
       another host and is not shown.
           
   2.5 How to disable startup of the tools
       -----------------------------------

       To disable the startup of the development tools for all users,
       edit the file:

             $MATLAB/app-defaults/Matlab

       and replace the line:

*preloadIDE:            On

       by:
      
*preloadIDE:            Off

       To disable your startup of the development tools only,
       add:

*preloadIDE:            Off

       to:

            $HOME/.Xdefaults

       and execute at the UNIX prompt:

            xrdb -merge $HOME/.Xdefaults

       before you start matlab.

       Note: This does not prevent you from using the development
             tools once MATLAB has started.

       There are three other lines of interest in the file:

             $MATLAB/app-defaults/Matlab

       The factory settings are:

*builtInEditor:         On
*graphicalDebugger:     On
*externalEditorCommand: $EDITOR $FILE &

       If you set the value of *builtInEditor to 'Off' then the
       MATLAB editor/debugger will not be used as the default, but
       the value of the *externalEditorCommand will be executed instead.
       Note that it relies on the value of the environment variable
       $EDITOR. If $EDITOR is not defined the MATLAB editor/debugger
       will be started anyway.

       If you set the value of *graphicalDebugger to 'Off' then
       the visual breakpoint feature of the MATLAB editor/debugger will
       be disabled.

       The *externalEditorCommand entry is available to customize your
       external editor command.


3. OpenGL support
   --------------

   3.1 Overview
       --------

       There is now support on six platforms (sol2 hp700 alpha sgi
       sgi64 lnx86) for a new graphics renderer in MATLAB that uses
       the OpenGL software interface.

       To use this renderer execute the MATLAB command:

                set(gcf,'renderer','opengl')

       If you have vendor supported libraries and hardware for OpenGL,
       it will attempt to use them automatically. Otherwise, it will
       use software libraries called Mesa which provides an OpenGL-like
       API and are provided with the MATLAB distribution.

   3.2 Platform support
       ----------------

       Sun Sparc        Solaris      (sol2)
       HP 9000 PA-RISC  HP-UX        (hp700)
       DEC Alpha        Digital UNIX (alpha)
       Silicon Graphics IRIX         (sgi)
       Silicon Graphics IRIX64       (sgi64)
       Linux            Linux        (lnx86)

       Note: Support assumes the same operating system versions as
             MATLAB 5.2.

   3.3 Online documentation
       --------------------

       For HTML documentation follow the hypertext links below
       starting with the English Help Desk home page:

           |-> 'MATLAB 5.2 Product Family New Features'
                |-> 'Visualization Enhancements'
                     |-> 'Support for OpenGL Renderers'
                          |-> 'Renderer'

   3.4 System architecture
       -------------------

       On each supported platform MATLAB will be loading:

                glren.*     * = .so  (all except hp700)
                            * = .sl  (hp700)

       the OpenGL renderer shared library found in

                $MATLAB/bin/$ARCH.

       This shared library is loaded when the set command above
       is executed, not at MATLAB startup time.
     
       On all platforms except sgi and sgi64 we provide
       two Mesa libraries as substitutes in case you do not have
       OpenGL software libraries available to you. These are
       located by architecture ($ARCH) in:

              $MATLAB/opengl/lib/$ARCH

       These libraries are symbolically linked to:
      
              libGL.so  (libGL.sl  on hp700)
              libGLU.so (libGLU.so on hp700)

       which are the standard names for OpenGL libraries.

       We do not ship any Mesa Libraries on sgi and sgi64
       because the OpenGL libraries are part of the
       standard operating system software.


   3.5 How to use Mesa provided libraries by default
       ---------------------------------------------

       The MATLAB factory setting is for the directory
       containing the Mesa libraries to be at the end
       of the load library path. See the file

                $MATLAB/bin/.matlab5rc.sh

       for the standard environment name of the load
       library path on each platform.

       We make the assumption that the directory containing
       any system installed OpenGL libraries is on the
       list of directories in the load library path before
       you startup MATLAB. If this is not true then either
       define your load library path to include that
       directory in your shell startup file or modify
       the appropriate version of the file

                .matlab5rc.sh

       Use the file, $MATLAB/bin/.matlab5rc.sh, if you intend
       to make a change for all users. Edit a copy of that file
       in either $HOME or a directory that you will start MATLAB
       from if you intend to make a change for your use only.

       The lines to change are similar to :

            if [ "$LD_LIBRARY_PATH" != "" ]; then
                LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
            else
                LD_LIBRARY_PATH=

       under each architecture section.

       To use the Mesa libraries by default change the lines:

            LDPATH_PREFIX=''
            LDPATH_SUFFIX='$MATLAB/opengl/lib/$ARCH'

       to
            LDPATH_PREFIX='$MATLAB/opengl/lib/$ARCH'
            LDPATH_SUFFIX=''

       under each appropriate architecture section.

   3.6 Rendering across the network
       ----------------------------

       Remember that the OpenGL libraries will be loaded on
       the machine running MATLAB.  So if you run MATLAB on a
       remote machine and display on your local machine all the
       data must be sent across the network to the local machine.
       This data bandwidth can become very large for OpenGL
       supported hardware and the network can become a bottleneck
       leading to less than optimal rendering speeds.  The best
       results will be obtained when MATLAB runs and displays
       on the same machine.

       
4. Configuring MATLAB's Web Browser settings
   -----------------------------------------

   The factory setting for the name of MATLAB's Web Browser
   is now simply 'netscape'.  If this command is not on your
   UNIX PATH no browser will be started.  Therefore it is
   critical that you configure the appropriate copy of
   docopt.m to specify the correct browser and options. To
   find out how to do this execute at the MATLAB prompt:

        help docopt

   and read the section entitled:

        Configuration on Unix

   You will also notice that whenever you execute MATLAB
   commands like 'helpdesk' or 'doc' the message:

   To learn how to configure your Web browser type 'help docopt'

   appears to remind you about configuration information.

   
5. Separate 'instrumented' version of MATLAB with 'asserts'
   -------------------------------------------------------
   also part of the distribution
   -----------------------------

   We are now shipping two images of MATLAB. One called
   'matlab' and one called 'matlab.inst'. 'matlab.inst'
   is a version that has 'assert' code turned on at certain
   locations in the MATLAB source code. If you encounter a
   reproducible problem when using 'matlab', also try it
   using 'matlab.inst', especially if the problem is a
   'memory fault' or 'seg fault'.  It MIGHT trip over an
   'assert' first and cause MATLAB to stop, providing The
   MathWorks with more information to better diagnose the
   original problem.  Your problem may not trip over 'assert'
   code, but we are trying an experiment to see how often
   that it does.

   If you encounter a reproducible problem running the
   standard MATLAB image, run the same problem but startup
   MATLAB as follows:

        matlab -inst

   Use MATLAB in the normal way and see if you get an 'assert'
   failure before the problem appears again. Before 
   contacting MathWork's Technical Support, please try to
   run the problem using both versions and report the
   results from both runs.
   

6. Miscellaneous
   -------------

   6.1 UNIX Installation Guide corrected in PostScript
       -----------------------------------------------
       version only
       ------------

       Some minor corrections have been made to the UNIX
       Installation Guide. This corrected version is
       available in PostScript form only. The online PDF
       version of the guide does do not show those corrections.

       The files are available prior to installation as 
       follows:

       CD-ROM: (top level)

               (all except hp700)

               guide.ps  
               guide_a4.ps   (A4 size version)

               (on hp700 only)
                
               GUIDE.PS;1
               GUIDE_A4.PS;1 (A4 size version)
                
       FTP: (unix level)

            installguide.ps
            installguide_a4.ps

   6.2 Use mex -setup to initialize your mex environment
       -------------------------------------------------

       To preselect your mex options file enter at the
       UNIX prompt:

            mex -setup

       It will display some help and then the available options
       files. You select one file and then it will be copied to
       the directory:

            $HOME/matlab

       The mex command will use this options file as the default
       unless overridden on the mex command line.

========================================================================
Appendix: UNIX Setup
========================================================================

0. Table of Contents
   -----------------

   1. Product changes since MATLAB 5.1

      1.1 New products
      1.2 Updated products
      1.3 Unchanged products
      1.4 Products with unsupported architectures

   2. Install MATLAB 5.2 over MATLAB 5.x
   3. Changes to operating system build list since MATLAB 5.1
   4. License manager changes
      
      4.1 Now running FLEXlm 5.12b
      4.2 Better port@host support in .matlab5rc.sh file

   5. Comments about operating system and tool requirements

      5.1 hp700 (HP-UX)

          5.1.1 Loader needed by MATLAB

   6. System libraries shipped in the $MATLAB/sys directory and
      used by MATLAB

   7. CD-ROM installation

      7.1 Help language now selectable.

   8. Help


1. Product changes since MATLAB 5.1
   --------------------------------

   1.1 New products
       ------------

             Name             Version
       MATLAB Compiler          1.2
       Math Library             1.2
       C++ Math Library         1.2
       Power System Blockset    1.0

   1.2 Updated products
       ----------------

             Name                      Version
       MATLAB                           5.2
       MATLAB Tour                      1.1
       Simulink                         2.2
       Control Toolbox                  4.1
       System Identification Toolbox    4.0.4
       Robust Control Toolbox           2.0.5
       Optimization Toolbox             1.5.2
       Spline Toolbox                   2.0
       Signal Toolbox                   4.1
       Mu Synthesis Toolbox             3.0.3
       Mapping Toolbox                  1.0.1
       Neural Network Toolbox           3.0
       Real-Time Workshop               2.2
       Symbolic Toolbox                 2.0.1
       Extended Symbolic Toolbox        2.0.1
       Image Processing Toolbox         2.1
       NCD Toolbox                      1.1.2
       Statistics Toolbox               2.1.1
       Hi Spec Toolbox                  2.0.2
       Frequency Domain ID Toolbox      2.0.3
       MPC Toolbox                      1.0.3
       Fuzzy Logic Toolbox              2.0
       DSP Blockset                     2.2
       Fixed-Point Blockset             1.2
       QFT Toolbox                      1.0.3
       NAG Foundation Toolbox           1.0.2
       LMI Control Toolbox              1.0.4
       Financial Toolbox                1.1
       PDE Toolbox                      1.0.3
       Wavelet_Toolbox                  1.1
       Communication Toolbox            1.3
       Stateflow                        1.0.6
       Stateflow Coder                  1.0.6

       Note: The MATLAB Tour is considered part of MATLAB and
             is not separately licensed. It can be deselected
             in a CD-ROM installation. It is part of the file,
             matlab.common, in a FTP installation.

   1.3 Unchanged products
       ------------------

             Name                      Version
       Applix Link                      1.0.2

   1.4 Products with unsupported architectures
       ---------------------------------------

             Name                Unsupported architectures 
       Symbolic Toolbox                 sgi64*
       Extended Symbolic Toolbox        sgi64*
       NAG Foundation Toolbox       hp700 ibm_rs lnx86
       Applix Link                     sgi64 lnx86 

       *Use sgi version on sgi64. See section 5.2.2 in the
        Appendix of the UNIX News file for MATLAB 5.1
        (README.news51) for details.


2. Install MATLAB 5.2 over MATLAB 5.x
   ----------------------------------

   If you already have MATLAB 5.0 or MATLAB 5.1, it is recommended
   that you install MATLAB 5.2 over that version. Obsolete files will
   be cleaned out.

   The updating process uses file lists in the $MATLAB/update/pd
   directory saved from installing an earlier version of MATLAB.
   If those have been removed or damaged then the removal of
   obsolete files will be incomplete.

   NEVER install MATLAB 5.2 over any MATLAB 4.x or earlier MATLAB
   version. DO NOT install MATLAB 5.2 over any MATLAB 5.x alpha or
   beta release, ONLY over the official MATLAB 5.x release.

   Scripts that are configurable by the user such as
   $MATLAB/bin/.matlab5rc.sh will be updated. See section 3.
   in the Appendix of the UNIX News file for MATLAB 5.1
   (README.news51) for details.


3. Changes to operating system build list since MATLAB 5.1
   -------------------------------------------------------

   There are four changes in the table below since MATLAB 5.1.

            Platform               Build OS version
            --------               ----------------

    Sun Sparc        (sun4)        SunOS         4.1.4
    Sun Sparc        (sol2)        Solaris       2.5
    HP 9000 PA-RISC  (hp700)       HP-UX        10.20*
    DEC Alpha        (alpha)       Digital UNIX  4.0C*
    IBM RS/6000      (ibm_rs)      AIX           4.2
    Silicon Graphics (sgi)         IRIX          6.3*    
    Silicon Graphics (sgi64)       IRIX64        6.4*
    Linux            (lnx86)       Linux         2.0.18

    * changed since MATLAB 5.1

    See section 2. in the Appendix of the UNIX News file for
    MATLAB 5.1 (README.news51) for additional details about
    OS version checking.


4. License manager changes
   -----------------------
      
   4.1 Now running FLEXlm 5.12b
       ------------------------

       All daemons and support utilites distributed with MATLAB 5.2
       are at this level. It is primarily a bug fix release.
       
       The 5.12b daemons should license serve older MATLAB 4 and
       MATLAB 5 clients.

   4.2 Better port@host support in .matlab5rc.sh file
       ----------------------------------------------

       The factory setting for LM_LICENSE_FILE in the file,
       $MATLAB/bin/.matlab5rc.sh, is now:

        LM_LICENSE_FILE='1700@BOGUS:$MATLAB/etc/license.dat'

       under each architecture section.

       If you plan to use port@host simply substitute the
       correct port number for '1700' and the correct hostname for
       'BOGUS' in the line above under each appropriate
       architecture section.
        
       If you are using redundant servers, substitute a colon
       separated list of three port@host entries for '1700@BOGUS'.

       
5. Comments about operating system and tool requirements
   -----------------------------------------------------

   5.1 hp700 (HP-UX)
       -------------

       5.1.1 Loader needed by MATLAB
             -----------------------

             MATLAB requires the C++ loader:

                 /usr/lib/aCC/dld.sl
                
             be installed on each machine running MATLAB.
             Otherwise, MATLAB will not start. This
             is detected in the MATLAB startup script.

             The installation instructions, README, and
             the loader file are located in:

                 $MATLAB/sys/hp700/mipc


6. System libraries shipped in the $MATLAB/sys directory and
   ---------------------------------------------------------
   used by MATLAB
   --------------

   sol2:

       sys/sol2/libF77.so.3        
       sys/sol2/libM77.so.2
       sys/sol2/libsunmath.so.1

   hp700:

       sys/hp700/libCsup.1
       sys/hp700/libstd.1
       sys/hp700/libstream.1

   sgi:

       sys/sgi/libcomplib.sgimath_mp.so
       sys/sgi/libaudio.so.1

   sgi64:

       sys/sgi64/libcomplib.sgimath_mp.so
       sys/sgi64/libaudio.so.1

   lnx86:

       sys/lnx86/libXpm.so.4.9


7. CD-ROM installation
   -------------------

   7.1 Help language now selectable
       ----------------------------

       You can now select English and/or Japanese online
       help. The default is English only. For the X-Window
       CD-ROM installer you select the type of help on the
       Installation Options Screen. It will select
       automatically the help components for all licensed
       products that have associated documentation.  For the
       text CD-ROM installer (install -t) English help files
       are preselected only and any other help files must
       be selected or deselected on an individual basis.


8. Help
   ----

   If you have questions or want to report problems please contact:

       The MathWorks, Inc. Technical Support:

           Email: support@mathworks.com
           Phone: 508-647-7000
           FAX:   508-647-7201


FLEXlm is a Trademark of Globetrotter Software
MATLAB is a Registered Trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.
PostScript is a Registered Trademark of Adobe Systems, Inc.
UNIX is a Registered Trademark of the Open Group Company
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright (c) 1998 by The MathWorks, Inc.
$Revision: 1.3 $  $Date: 1998/09/27 20:56:47 $
------------------------------------------------------------------------